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Coffea arabica
''Coffea arabica'' is a species of ''Coffea'' originally indigenous to the forests of the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia, as also the mountainous regions of Yemen. It is also known as the "coffee shrub of Arabia", "mountain coffee", or "arabica coffee". ''C. arabica'' is believed to be the first species of coffee to be cultivated.
Wild plants grow between 9 and 12 m (29 and 39 ft) tall, and have an open branching system; the leaves are opposite, simple elliptic-ovate to oblong, 6–12 cm (2.4–4.8 in) long and 4–8 cm (1.6–3.2 in) broad, glossy dark green. The flowers are white, 10–15 mm in diameter and grow in axillary clusters. The seeds are contained in a drupe (though commonly called a "cherry"; the plural form is simply "cherry"—used only when referring to the fruit of ''C. arabica''—when referring to the actual cherry fruit, the appropriate plural is "cherries") 10–15 mm in diameter, maturing bright red to purple and typically contains two seeds (the coffee seeds).
==Distribution and habitat==
Endemic to the mountainous regions of Yemen and to the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia, ''C. arabica'' is now rare in Ethiopia, while many populations appear to be of mixed native and planted trees. In Ethiopia, where it is called ''būna'', it is commonly used as an understorey shrub. It has also been recovered from the Boma Plateau in South Sudan. ''C. arabica'' is also found on Mount Marsabit in northern Kenya, but it is unclear whether this is a truly native or naturalised occurrence.〔Charrier A, Berthaud, p. 20〕 The species is widely naturalised in areas outside its native land, in many parts of Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, China, and assorted islands in the Caribbean and in the Pacific.〔(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, ''Coffea arabica'' )〕
The conservation of the genetic variation of ''C. arabica'' relies on conserving healthy populations of wild coffee in the Afromontane rainforests of Ethiopia. Genetic research has shown coffee cultivation is threatening the genetic integrity of wild coffee because it exposes wild genotypes to cultivars. Nearly all of the coffee that has been cultivated over the past few centuries originated with just a handful of wild plants from Ethiopia, and today the coffee growing on plantations around the world contains less than 1% of the diversity contained in the wild in Ethiopia alone.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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